The square kufic scripts appear as a mixture of QR-codes and ASCII art already in the 13th century. Muslims also used text art to represent religious ideas. Micrography is a Jewishįorm of calligraphy, which is said to be a method toīypass the restrictions on images as expressed in the SecondĬommandment. Simmias of Rhodes’ Axe (325ī.C) is one early example. Is an image built with words or text characters that 2 Brief Historyīefore typewriters and computers, calligrams were Another reason is what Reynolds (2011) calls retromania, the large-scale cultural development that re-approaches previously popular forms of expressions in order to explore “new” options. Studying the foundations of digital media, often indirectly means to study flows of text characters - just like in the Matrix, according to some. One reason is that digital media, by virtue of programming languages and protocols, is tightly connected to the text characters of e.g. Text characters have been used for visual art for thousands of years, and seems to be gaining momentum. It paved the way for the computer keyboard which at the moment, using the Unicode standard, supports up to 110,000 characters. This is why the typewriter can be considered as a key symbolic medium. But the material characteristics are normally invisible to us. With a highly limited set of characters, humans have managed to formulate grand texts to symbolize laws, religions, politics and myths. In his book Gramophone, Film, Typewriter Friedrich Kittler identifies the typewriter as the symbolic medium par excellence (Kittler 1986:15). Help Indie Bands Outsmart Google, in Wiredįuture Potentials for ASCII art 1 Introduction Watercutter, Angela (2011) Crazy Characters.Reynolds, Simon (2011) Retromania - PopĬulture’s Addiction to Its Own Past.On new technologies and primitive economicīehaviors. Rehn, Alf (2001) Electronic Potlatch - a study.Polgár, Tamás (2005) Freax - The Brief History.Manovich, Lev (2001) The Language of New.Manovich, Lev (1993) The Engineering of.Kittler, Friedrich (1986/1999) Gramophone,įilm, Typewriter.Higgins, Dick (1987) Pattern Poetry: Guide toĪn Unknown Literature.The authors also argue that the popularity of digital media, which for example leads to scarcity in URLs, increases the potential for ASCII art to play a more active role in human communication. The authors identify a number of movements towards novel forms of ASCII art that explore medium specific characteristics for drawing, design, advertising and conceptual art. The paper describes its historical connections to poetry, programming, literature and hacking and defines ASCII art as a genre, consisting of several categories. This means that the bitwise logical operators of AND, OR, and XOR can also be used for the conversions.This will be covered later in the course.ASCII art is a text-based expression that traditionally is concerned with remediating images, words and objects. The difference between any uppercase letter and the corresponding lower case letter is only one bit. In C, this conversion is so painless, you never think about it, but when you have something like,Īnother trick is that you can convert a lowercase letter to a uppercase letter by subtraction and addition. You MUST remember, when you are entering numeric values from the keyboard, they are in character form! You MUST convert them to binary form before attempting any mathematically operation. But since the numbers run consecutively, you can get the binary value of a character by subtracted the value of the character '0'. One of the tricks of the trade is that the character '0' is not the value 0. The space character has the value of 32 10, which is printable - you just can't see it! Normally, ASCII values 0 through 31 10 are non-printable characters. (To overcome those problems, we now have Unicode, which is capable of expressing all alphabets, with ASCII as a subset.) For some reason, it does not work so well with Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, or a bunch of others. This works real good if you you use the Roman alphabet. This resulted in 128 possible characters (using seven bits for data and one more called the parity bit to be used to facilitate communications). The manufacturers of equipment got together to figure out how to have one answer for everyone, resulting in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). IBM has what they called EBCDIC, which you don't hear of much anymore. In the beginning, the were no answers, and anyone could make up the answers they wanted to use. That leads to the questions: who assigned the numbers and what letters should be included? Humans need words to communicate, so how can we make that happen? We can assign a numeric code to each letter we wish to represent.
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